ENTREVISTA A MI ABUELA.

-Hola abuela. ¿Podría hacerte una entrevista?
-Claro, claro.
-Es sobre el franquismo, vuestra vida en esa época.
-Puff... el franquismo. Bueno, venga.
-¿Como iba el tema de la comida en esos tiempos?
-Muy mal, no habia pan que comer, teníamos unas cartillas e íbamos a unos despachos, y nos daban solo un panecillo para toda la familia. La comida costaba mas barata con esa cartilla.
-¿Y cómo conseguíais esa cartilla?
-La cartilla nos la daban los economatos, se la daban a los del campo, a los pobres y a los que no tenían sueldo, así podían comer algo.
-¿Y cuánta ropa teníais?
-Pues no teníamos ninguna. Teníamos una ropa para el domingo y los días de fiesta, y una para todos los días. Por la noche, a veces la lavámos y al dia siguiente nos la volvíamos a poner. No había más.
-¿Puedes contarnos algunas cosas de la vida cotidina?
-No habia papel higiénico, cuando había que limpiarse tenía que ser con hojas de higuera. Para lavar la ropa de las camas, íbamos con una canasta al río, allí de rodillas la lavávamos. Los niños trabajaban desde que nacían, en el campo, ayudando a sus familias. Y no podíamos hablar de nada porque te mandaban a la cárcel de momento. Lo único bueno es que podías dejar la puerta de la casa abierta por la noche, nadie venía  a robarte. Eso era lo único bueno.
-¿Tienes alguna anecdota personal?
-Yo viví en el campo. Cuando tenía tres años, mi madre iba a tener otro hijo, y como no podía cuidarnos a los dos me dejó en el campo con otras personas de mi familia. Allí estuve hasta que me casé por la Iglesia con 20 años.
-¿Pudiste vivir la Guerra Civil?
-Nací en el segundo año de guerra, y no me acuerdo mucho. Lo que viví fue la posguerra, los tiempos de hambre y de tristeza. La vida era muy mala en esos tiempos, menos mal que luego mejoró la cosa.
-Bueno, Lola, muchas gracias por estar aquí hoy con nosotros, ha sido un placer entrevistarte. Con estos datos, ahora sabremos más sobre la vida cotidiana en esos tiempos, esto nos aporta algo más de cercanía a este tema.

Francisco Franco, dictador de España en el siglo XX

ÚLTIMOS AÑOS DEL FRANQUISMO Y TRANSICIÓN A LA DEMOCRACIA.

Cuando Francisco Franco cayó enfermo, nombró a Juan Carlos I jefe de Estado, y a Carrero Blanco Jefe de Gobierno. Éste último, que era considerado clave para la continuidad del régimen franquista, fue asesinado por la ETA en 1973.

Los inmovilistas defendían el mantenimiento del régimen franquista, pero los aperturistas querían reformas, aunque no demasiado radicales. En 1974, Carlos Arias Navarro proclamó un nuevo gobierno, pero las reformas que anunció fueron insignificantes, por lo que los aperturistas protestaban mientras que los inmovilistas pensaban que debía mantenerse así.

Las movilizaciones populares eran cada vez más frecuentes. Con esta situación y un conflictos en los territorios españoles del Sahara, Franco murió el 20 de noviembre de 1975.

Juan Carlos I juró su cargo como Rey de España y dejó ver su voluntad de cambiar la situación, pero como Carlos Arias Navarro no llevaba a cabo ninguna reforma, él forzó su dimisión. La población expresó su deseo de un cambio político, querían la democracia y reformas en el gobierno.

En 1976, Adolfo Suárez fue nombrado presidente. Buscó el apoyo de la oposición, que aceptó una reforma pactada, e instauró el régimen democrático en España.

En 1976 se aprobó la Ley de Reforma Política, que convirtió las Cortes en un Congreso de Diputados y un Senado elegidos por sufragio universal.
En 1977 se suprimió el Movimiento Nacional y se concedieron dos amnistías políticas. También se celebraron las primeras elecciones libres desde la Guerra Civil el 15 de junio de 1977.

~GANDHI~

B1. Why did Gandhi go to live in South Africa? He worked as a lawyer and was sent to South Africa to work for an Indian company.

B2. What did he think about the treatment of Indian people there? What did he do as a result of his experiences? He was discriminated by the South African people, when he was expelled from a train of first class just because they didn't want an Indian passenger there. He started thinking about the human rights, so he spent twenty years defending the Indian rights in that zone.

B3. According to Gandhi, what is the most effective form of protest? He thought it was the non-violent protest, because then he could achieve the political change avoiding war, even if they were beaten or imprisoned, they should never show anger and try to fight.

B4. What does Mahatma mean? It means "Great Soul", and he was named like that after he fought for human rights and independance.

B5. Why did Gandhi think that Indians shouldn't fight for Britain in WWII? He thought that they shouldn't fight in favour of Britain in other countries if they didn't have freedom at their own, and they wanted their independance.

B6. Why was Gandhi assassinated? He was assassinated because he didn't want India to become two different countries. But when the division took place, he worked hard for the peace between both India and Pakistan. In 1948 a Hindu nationalist shot and killed him because he thought that he was doing too much for the muslims and he prefered them to Indian people.

B7. Gandhi once said that ''An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind''. What do you think that he meant by that? How did it influence his method of protest? It means that if people keep on fighting against each other, they will end up being punished or harmed with severity, and Gandhi thought that the idea of "justice" should be replaced by forgiveness and peace, which he promoted in his protests.

THE SALT MARCH

B8. Why did Gandhi go on the Salt March? He went to the Salt March to protest against the British tax collecting for the salt making that didn't allow Indian people to produce or collect it.

B9. How did the Salt March inspire other indians? This march inspired other indians because Gandhi collected salt as a symbolic act of defeating the British laws. It inspired Indians to make strikes and boycotts against colonial institutions. Their protest had demonstrated the power of mass resistance against the British rules before they were arrested.

B10. What was satyagraha? It means "truth" and "insistence", but for Gandhi it was more than passive resistance. His peaceful protests became his strength, and he said that he chose the word Satyagraha because truth means love and insistence means force, so that word meant that it was a force born from truth and love: the same as non-violence meant to him.

B11. What happened at the Dharasana Salt works? How did this affect international opinion about British rule in India? Dharasana Salt was a protest against the salt tax imposed by the British in 1930. After the Salt March finished, Gandhi joined a non-violent incursion of the Dharasana Salt Works in Gujarat as a protest against the rule of the British Raj. Indian soldiers under british command beat lots of satyagrahis in this protest. The world became attracted by the Indian independence movemen, and it led to question the British government in India.

B12. What happened to Gandhi as a result of the Salt March? After the Salt Marh, thousands of people were sent to prison because they joined it and didn't resist the violent arrests of the police becaused of what Gandhi said. He was also arrested and spent nine months there, but at the end, the viceroy recognized his impotence to impose the British law without violence, so he freed all the prisoners and Indians were finally recognized the right to collect the salt they deserved.

~NUREMBERG TRIALS~

A1. When and why were they held? After the Holocaust, some criminals were brought to trials. Nuremberg was chosen as the place for those trials that took place in 1945 A2. Where did the judges come from? The judges were from the Allied powers (Great Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States and France), and they heard the arguments of some Nazi criminals. A3. What crimes were the defendants tried for? They were tried for crimes against peace, such as relating to an assault war or an infringement of international agreements that led to the war. Also to crimes of war such as breaking the laws with murder, wrong treatment or forced work with war prisoners and destruction of the cities. To crimes against humanity as the slavery, the deportation and other inhuman actions against population before or during the war. And also for crime conspiration.
A4.  Why were many of the most senior Nazis never tried?  Because although some defendants claimed they were following the orders of their bosses, lots of senior Nazi commited suicide knowing they were going to be sent to prison or they couldn't overcome their crimes, while other ones just escaped.
A5. Who's Simon Wiesenthal? What happened to him during WWII? He was born in Austry-Hungary. While his wife escaped from going to a concentration camp, he became a war prisoner at the Mauthausen-Busen because he was Jewish, but at the end he could survive thanks to the American soldiers who freed people from the camps.

A6. What did he do after the war? Why? After the war, he spent his life finding Nazi criminals and identifying the ones who escaped from the judgements, so he was a researcher and helped the Allied powers to find them to make the German people pay for what they had done.

CLASS ABOUT THE BERLIN WALL!

Today, we had a lesson about The Berlin Wall by Cristina, a German language assistant. She explained us all the things that happened by that time:

As people from West Berlin went to East Berlin to buy for cheaper, East Berliners escaped to West Berlin where they had innovations and information about the modern world.

The URSS couldn't accept that, so they did the Berlin Blockade, in which incommunication was the main weapon to stop that situation. But as products couldn't reach both parts, the situation became worse.

Then, they ordered to build a wall all along Berlin, with control points all over it so that anybody could cross it and become capitalist. That was a complete fail, because families were divided if someone was travelling or had not any way to come back, and East Berlin was way poorer than West Berlin. This was a time of suffering and hate between powers, but sadness for the innocent Berliners.

~THE SPEECH OF KENNEDY~

The 26th June 1963, John F. Kenedy gave this famous speech in Western Berlin. In this speech, Kennedy talked about the Berlin Wall, defending the people's rights and explaining that who thought communism was good, had to go to Berlin and see what had been done in name of the communism. Above all, he defended the Berlin people, saying we are all Berliners and we won't have peace until Berlin has it. This speech was for the 15th anniversary of the Berlin Blockade by the Soviet Union, to stop people from going to the capitalist part. In his words, many Berliners found support and help they needed, which was really kind of him and gave them hope: an essential feeling in that situation

LA LISTA DE SCHINDLER~

La lista de Schindler ha sido una de las grandes películas sobre el Holocausto y la II Guerra Mundial. Lejos de Qué bello es vivir, que tiene un tono más humorístico, o El niño con el pijama de rayas, que hace sufrir pero no cuenta cómo fue realmente el Holocausto; La lista de Schindler refleja cómo fue exactamente para los judíos esa época de terror, además de tratar sobre uno de los grandes personajes de esos tiempos.

La lista de Schindler es una película histórica/drama estadounidense de 1993 dirigida por Steven Spielberg, y producida además por Banko Lustig y Gerald R. Molen. Cuenta con Steven Zaillian como guionista, John Williams como director de la banda sonora, Janusz Kaminski en fotografía (uno de los puntos fuertes de la película) y Michael Kahn en montaje. La película trata sobre Oskar Schindler, un alemán que salvó alrededor de 1100 judíos en el Holocausto. Está basada en la novela El arca de Schindler, de Thomas Keneally. Está protagonizada por Liam Neeson (Oskar Schindler), Ralph Fiennes (Amon Leopold Goeth) y Ben Kingsley (Itzhak Stern). Dura 195 minutos, siendo un largometraje que relata el Holocausto desde el punto de vista del protagonista y de varios grupos de judíos.

Esta película narra desde el principio cómo empezó el menosprecio a los judíos, y Oskar Schindler, un alemán,  montó una fábrica con su contable judío Itzhak Stern en la que todos sus trabajadores eran de esta raza. Al principio solo quería beneficios propios, pero Stern contrató a todos los judíos que pudo para que fueran trabajadores y pudieran sobrevivir de un modo más fácil. Oskar descubrió lo que Stern había hecho, enfadándose al principio, pero cuando empezó el maltrato judío por parte de los alemanes, algo en su mente cambió, haciendo que sacara de campos de concentración a todos los que pudo para llevarlos a su fábrica y salvarles la vida.

Steven Spielberg ha dirigido numerosas películas, normalmente con un trasfondo siniestro o peculiar, pero con La lista de Schindler y Saving Private Ryan ha conseguido obtener la categoría de mejor director en los Premios Óscar.

Sin duda uno de los mejores aspectos de esta película es la calidad de imagen, iluminación y fotografía, dando vistas desde diferentes perspectivas y en las que cada imagen transmite emociones concretas, todo cuidadosamente planificado para conseguir el efecto de atrapar al espectador.

Respecto al guión, los actores realmente se meten en el papel que tienen asignado, pareciendo un documental en algunos momentos en lugar de una película. El mensaje que transmite es muy emotivo, ya que hace ver todo el sufrimiento que hubo durante el Holocausto.

Al principio de la película, la sensación es más calmada, intentando entender toda la información, las relaciones entre los personajes y el punto de vista de Schindler, pero cuando empiezan las escenas de maltrato judío, el espectador siente una sensación de agobio y de terror en aumento. Una de las peores escenas es cuando llevan a las mujeres y los niños a Auschwitz por error y meten a las mujeres en unas duchas de gas. La sensación es de profundo horror, pero a la vez se siente alivio cuando de las duchas sale agua corriente. Para mí, la escena más bonita fue el final, cuando Stern y Schindler se abrazan, y un montón de mujeres se unen a ellos. Esa escena contrarresta todo el agobio que se siente durante la película, ya que es muy emotiva.

En conclusión, me parece que esta película está muy bien si quieres aprender más sobre la II Guerra Mundial, pero no para pasar un buen rato con tu familia o amigos. Es una película para aprender, reflexionar y ver información adicional sobre el Holocausto.

INDIA

 This is our presentation for the India's day.

http://prezi.com/rddq3idrrnwb/?utm_campaign=share&utm_medium=copy&rc=ex0share

FLAPPERS

1.Why did the role of (some) women change?
When women started voting, some of them also started thinking by themselves, knowing they were capable of doing the same things as men and as good as them. So some of them started working, smoking and drinking, being free by wearing high heels and short skirts.

2. Analyse the following advertisement.

Advertisement for the Federal School of Commercial Designing (1917)

AMBITIOUS GIRL! Better sign up now, because the boys are all going "Over There," and soon you'll have to support yourself. But don't worry: even a girl can earn as much as a man, by becoming a graphic designer.
 
A. What is it about?

It is an advertisement for women to sign up for a job as a graphic designer. "Over There" is the army, because they were in war period, so women had to support themselves as the advertisement says
B. Do you agree with the sentence “even a girl can earn as much as a man”? Why?
I agree with that sentence because in those times, women earned much less than men, so "as much as men" sounded appealing.
C. Do you think women should support themselves? Why?
I think so, because if men are in the army, or if they aren't married, they should have a job and maintain themselves and maybe their children too, so if they don't work, it could be a problem. And nowadays, women are supposed to be independant, so they should choose whether to work or not, as men do.



3. Are you ready to walk in someone else’s shoes? Imagine what it was like to be a flapper in the Roaring Twenties. Choose a name, age, civil status, city, economic class, job... and describe your daily routine on a Friday.
I'm Coco Williams, and I'm 23. I'm single right now and I live in California. My family is kind of wealthy, but not much after all. I work as an assistant in an office, although I would prefer being the administrative. On Fridays, after working, I go home and I have lunch. I sleep some hours, and at seven, I put on my make-up and go to a speakeasy to have a nice time with my friends and some men, too.

HOOVERVILLES

What were they?
They were shanty towns built by homeless in the Great Depression. During this period, there were hundreds of Hoovervilles built across the country, and hundreds of thousands of people lived there in slums.

Who were they named after?
They were named after Hervert Hoover, who was the president of the USA while it was in the Great Depression, and was blamed for it.


In The Grapes of Wrath, the Joad family stay in a Hooverville. Who wrote the novel?
John Steinbeck wrote the novel. He was from English, German and Irish descent, and he lived in the USA in a rural town, a frontier settlement which was one of the world's most fertile lands. In his childhood, he worked in a farm.
When he was 28 his money ran out due to a slow market, so he experienced the Crash of the 29. 

"KRISTALLNATCH"

La noche de los cristales rotos.